The Third Reviewer

Joana Enes, Nicole Langwieser, Jörg Ruschel, Melissa M. Carballosa-Gonzalez, Achim Klug, Matthias H. Traut, Bhavna Ylera, Sabina Tahirovic, Franz Hofmann, Valentin Stein, Sven Moosmang, Ian D. Hentall, Frank Bradke. BackgroundPrimary sensory neurons o… . . . → Read More: Electrical Activity Suppresses Axon Growth through Cav1.2 Channels in Adult Primary Sensory Neurons

Zhi-Lei Zhang, Christopher R.L. Cantor, Clifton M. Schor. When an object is viewed binocularly, unequal perspective projections of the two eyes’ half images (binocular disparity) provide a cue for the sensation of stereo depth. For almost 200 years, … . . . → Read More: Perisaccadic Stereo Depth with Zero Retinal Disparity

Jayne M. Gardiner, Jelle Atema. The direction of an odor signal source can be estimated from bilateral differences in signal intensity and/or arrival time. The best-known examples of the use of arrival time differences are in ac…. . . . → Read More: The Function of Bilateral Odor Arrival Time Differences in Olfactory Orientation of Sharks

Xiangzhong Zheng, Amita Sehgal. The circadian clock coordinates cellular and organismal energy metabolism [1]. The importance of this circadian timing system is underscored by findings that defects in the clock cause deregulatio…. . . . → Read More: AKT and TOR Signaling Set the Pace of the Circadian Pacemaker

Alex C. Keene, Erik R. Duboué, Daniel M. McDonald, Monica Dus, Greg S.B. Suh, Scott Waddell, Justin Blau. Neural systems controlling the vital functions of sleep and feeding in mammals are tightly interconnected: sleep deprivation promotes feeding, wh… . . . → Read More: Clock and cycle Limit Starvation-Induced Sleep Loss in Drosophila

Timothy D. Griffiths, Sukhbinder Kumar, William Sedley, Kirill V. Nourski, Hiroto Kawasaki, Hiroyuki Oya, Roy D. Patterson, John F. Brugge, Matthew A. Howard. Pitch is a fundamental percept with a complex relationship to the associated sound structure … . . . → Read More: Direct Recordings of Pitch Responses from Human Auditory Cortex

Jay P. Slack, Anne Brockhoff, Claudia Batram, Susann Menzel, Caroline Sonnabend, Stephan Born, Maria Mercedes Galindo, Susann Kohl, Sophie Thalmann, Liliana Ostopovici-Halip, Christopher T. Simons, Ioana Ungureanu, Kees Duineveld, Cristian G. Bologa, M… . . . → Read More: Modulation of Bitter Taste Perception by a Small Molecule hTAS2R Antagonist

Rhian F. Walther, Franck Pichaud. BackgroundIn Drosophila epithelial cells, specification and maintenance of the zonula adherens (za) is crucial to ensure epithelial tissue integrity. This depends on the intertwined functio…. . . . → Read More: Crumbs/DaPKC-Dependent Apical Exclusion of Bazooka Promotes Photoreceptor Polarity Remodeling

Ryota Uehara, Gohta Goshima, Issei Mabuchi, Ronald D. Vale, James A. Spudich, Eric R. Griffis. Myosin II is an essential component of the contractile ring that divides the cell during cytokinesis. Previous work showed that regulatory light chain (RLC) … . . . → Read More: Determinants of Myosin II Cortical Localization during Cytokinesis

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Tatiana Stepanova, Ihor Smal, Jeffrey van Haren, Umut Akinci, Zhe Liu, Marja Miedema, Ronald Limpens, Marco van Ham, Michael van der Reijden, Raymond Poot, Frank Grosveld, Mieke Mommaas, Erik Meijering, Niels Galjart

In Chinese hamster ovary cells, microtubules originate at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and grow persistently toward the . . . → Read More: History-Dependent Catastrophes Regulate Axonal Microtubule Behavior

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Paul D. Barnett, Karin Nordström, David C. O’Carroll

Estimating relative velocity in the natural environment is challenging because natural scenes vary greatly in contrast and spatial structure. Widely accepted correlation-based models for elementary motion detectors (EMDs) are sensitive to contrast and spatial structure and consequently generate ambiguous estimates of velocity. Identified . . . → Read More: Motion Adaptation and the Velocity Coding of Natural Scenes

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Dominique Seetapun, David J. Odde

Background

Breaking cell symmetry, known as polarization, requires dynamic reorganization of microtubules (MTs) and is essential to many cellular processes, including axon formation in neurons. A critical step in polarization is believed to be the “selective stabilization” of MTs, which hypothesizes a spatial and/or temporal shift . . . → Read More: Cell-Length-Dependent Microtubule Accumulation during Polarization

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Bader Al-Anzi, Elena Armand, Paul Nagamei, Margaret Olszewski, Viveca Sapin, Christopher Waters, Kai Zinn, Robert J. Wyman, Seymour Benzer

Background

Total food intake is a function of meal size and meal frequency, and adjustments to these parameters allow animals to maintain a stable energy balance in changing environmental conditions. The physiological mechanisms . . . → Read More: The Leucokinin Pathway and Its Neurons Regulate Meal Size in Drosophila

Gorana Pobric, Elizabeth Jefferies, Matthew A. Lambon Ralph

Semantic cognition permits us to bring meaning to our verbal and nonverbal experiences and to generate context- and time-appropriate behavior [1,2]. It is core to language and nonverbal skilled behaviors and, when impaired after brain damage, it generates significant disability [3]. A fundamental neuroscience . . . → Read More: Category-Specific versus Category-General Semantic Impairment Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

John A. Bender, Alan J. Pollack, Roy E. Ritzmann

Animals negotiating complex natural terrain must consider cues around them and alter movement parameters accordingly [1, 2,1, 2]. In the arthropod brain, the central complex (CC) receives bilateral sensory relays and sits immediately upstream of premotor areas, suggesting that it may be involved in the . . . → Read More: Neural Activity in the Central Complex of the Insect Brain Is Linked to Locomotor Changes

Bram-Ernst Verhoef, Rufin Vogels, Peter Janssen

One of the fundamental goals of neuroscience is to understand how perception arises from the activity of neurons in the brain [1]. Stereopsis is a type of three-dimensional (3D) perception that relies on two slightly different projections of the world onto the retinas of the two eyes, i.e., . . . → Read More: Contribution of Inferior Temporal and Posterior Parietal Activity to Three-Dimensional Shape Perception

Tianmiao Hua, Pinglei Bao, Chang-Bing Huang, Zhenhua Wang, Jinwang Xu, Yifeng Zhou, Zhong-Lin Lu

Perceptual learning has been documented in adult humans over a wide range of tasks. Although the often-observed specificity of learning is generally interpreted as evidence for training-induced plasticity in early cortical areas, physiological evidence for training-induced changes in . . . → Read More: Perceptual Learning Improves Contrast Sensitivity of V1 Neurons in Cats

Yigal Agam, Hesheng Liu, Alexander Papanastassiou, Calin Buia, Alexandra J. Golby, Joseph R. Madsen, Gabriel Kreiman

We can recognize objects in complex images in a fraction of a second [1,2,3]. Neuronal responses in macaque areas V4 and inferior temporal cortex [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] to preferred stimuli are typically suppressed by the addition of other objects within . . . → Read More: Robust Selectivity to Two-Object Images in Human Visual Cortex

Erin J. Wamsley, Matthew Tucker, Jessica D. Payne, Joseph A. Benavides, Robert Stickgold

It is now well established that postlearning sleep is beneficial for human memory performance [1,2,3,4,5]. Meanwhile, human and animal studies have demonstrated that learning-related neural activity is re-expressed during posttraining nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep [6,7,8,9]. NREM sleep processes . . . → Read More: Dreaming of a Learning Task Is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation

Ryan Schindel, Derek H. Arnold

Retinal image size is not the sole determinant of the apparent size of objects. Rather, viewing distance is taken into account when determining apparent size [1,2,3], so images of the same physical dimensions can appear to represent different-sized objects. Here, we take advantage of this to . . . → Read More: Visual Sensitivity Can Scale with Illusory Size Changes

Tetsuya Nojima, Ken-ichi Kimura, Masayuki Koganezawa, Daisuke Yamamoto

Synapses mediate inductive interactions for the proper development of pre- and postsynaptic cells: presynaptic electrical activities and synaptic transmission ensure the organization of postsynaptic structures, whereas neurotrophins produced in postsynaptic cells support the survival and enlargement of presynaptic partners [1]. In Drosophila, a motor . . . → Read More: Neuronal Synaptic Outputs Determine the Sexual Fate of Postsynaptic Targets

Amy M. Ni, John H.R. Maunsell

Behavioral performance depends on the activity of neurons in sensory cortex, but little is known about the brain’s capacity to access specific neuronal signals to guide behavior. Even the individual sensory neurons that are most sensitive to a relevant stimulus are only weakly correlated with behavior [1, . . . → Read More: Microstimulation Reveals Limits in Detecting Different Signals from a Local Cortical Region

Magdalene Michael, Anne Vehlow, Christel Navarro, Matthias Krause

Background
Tight regulation of cell motility is essential for many physiological processes, such as formation of a functional nervous system and wound healing. Drosophila Abl negatively regulates the actin cytoskeleton effector protein Ena during neuronal development in flies, and it has been postulated that this may . . . → Read More: c-Abl, Lamellipodin, and Ena/VASP Proteins Cooperate in Dorsal Ruffling of Fibroblasts and Axonal Morphogenesis