The Third Reviewer

Gorana Pobric, Elizabeth Jefferies, Matthew A. Lambon Ralph

Semantic cognition permits us to bring meaning to our verbal and nonverbal experiences and to generate context- and time-appropriate behavior [1,2]. It is core to language and nonverbal skilled behaviors and, when impaired after brain damage, it generates significant disability [3]. A fundamental neuroscience . . . → Read More: Category-Specific versus Category-General Semantic Impairment Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

John A. Bender, Alan J. Pollack, Roy E. Ritzmann

Animals negotiating complex natural terrain must consider cues around them and alter movement parameters accordingly [1, 2,1, 2]. In the arthropod brain, the central complex (CC) receives bilateral sensory relays and sits immediately upstream of premotor areas, suggesting that it may be involved in the . . . → Read More: Neural Activity in the Central Complex of the Insect Brain Is Linked to Locomotor Changes

Bram-Ernst Verhoef, Rufin Vogels, Peter Janssen

One of the fundamental goals of neuroscience is to understand how perception arises from the activity of neurons in the brain [1]. Stereopsis is a type of three-dimensional (3D) perception that relies on two slightly different projections of the world onto the retinas of the two eyes, i.e., . . . → Read More: Contribution of Inferior Temporal and Posterior Parietal Activity to Three-Dimensional Shape Perception

Tianmiao Hua, Pinglei Bao, Chang-Bing Huang, Zhenhua Wang, Jinwang Xu, Yifeng Zhou, Zhong-Lin Lu

Perceptual learning has been documented in adult humans over a wide range of tasks. Although the often-observed specificity of learning is generally interpreted as evidence for training-induced plasticity in early cortical areas, physiological evidence for training-induced changes in . . . → Read More: Perceptual Learning Improves Contrast Sensitivity of V1 Neurons in Cats

Yigal Agam, Hesheng Liu, Alexander Papanastassiou, Calin Buia, Alexandra J. Golby, Joseph R. Madsen, Gabriel Kreiman

We can recognize objects in complex images in a fraction of a second [1,2,3]. Neuronal responses in macaque areas V4 and inferior temporal cortex [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] to preferred stimuli are typically suppressed by the addition of other objects within . . . → Read More: Robust Selectivity to Two-Object Images in Human Visual Cortex

Erin J. Wamsley, Matthew Tucker, Jessica D. Payne, Joseph A. Benavides, Robert Stickgold

It is now well established that postlearning sleep is beneficial for human memory performance [1,2,3,4,5]. Meanwhile, human and animal studies have demonstrated that learning-related neural activity is re-expressed during posttraining nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep [6,7,8,9]. NREM sleep processes . . . → Read More: Dreaming of a Learning Task Is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation

Ryan Schindel, Derek H. Arnold

Retinal image size is not the sole determinant of the apparent size of objects. Rather, viewing distance is taken into account when determining apparent size [1,2,3], so images of the same physical dimensions can appear to represent different-sized objects. Here, we take advantage of this to . . . → Read More: Visual Sensitivity Can Scale with Illusory Size Changes

Tetsuya Nojima, Ken-ichi Kimura, Masayuki Koganezawa, Daisuke Yamamoto

Synapses mediate inductive interactions for the proper development of pre- and postsynaptic cells: presynaptic electrical activities and synaptic transmission ensure the organization of postsynaptic structures, whereas neurotrophins produced in postsynaptic cells support the survival and enlargement of presynaptic partners [1]. In Drosophila, a motor . . . → Read More: Neuronal Synaptic Outputs Determine the Sexual Fate of Postsynaptic Targets

Amy M. Ni, John H.R. Maunsell

Behavioral performance depends on the activity of neurons in sensory cortex, but little is known about the brain’s capacity to access specific neuronal signals to guide behavior. Even the individual sensory neurons that are most sensitive to a relevant stimulus are only weakly correlated with behavior [1, . . . → Read More: Microstimulation Reveals Limits in Detecting Different Signals from a Local Cortical Region

Magdalene Michael, Anne Vehlow, Christel Navarro, Matthias Krause

Background
Tight regulation of cell motility is essential for many physiological processes, such as formation of a functional nervous system and wound healing. Drosophila Abl negatively regulates the actin cytoskeleton effector protein Ena during neuronal development in flies, and it has been postulated that this may . . . → Read More: c-Abl, Lamellipodin, and Ena/VASP Proteins Cooperate in Dorsal Ruffling of Fibroblasts and Axonal Morphogenesis