The Third Reviewer

Lisa Chakrabarti, Rabaab Zahra, Stephen M. Jackson, Parsa Kazemi-Esfarjani, Bryce L. Sopher, Amanda G. Mason, Thomas Toneff, Soyoung Ryu, Scott Shaffer, Janice W. Kansy, Jeremiah Eng, Gennifer Merrihew, Michael J. MacCoss, Anne Murphy, David R. Goodlet… . . . → Read More: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in NnaD Mutant Flies and Purkinje Cell Degeneration Mice Reveals a Role for Nna Proteins in Neuronal Bioenergetics

Josef P. Rauschecker, Amber M. Leaver, Mark Mühlau. Tinnitus, the most common auditory disorder, affects about 40 million people in the United States alone, and its incidence is rising due to an aging population and increasing noise exposure. Altho…. . . . → Read More: Tuning Out the Noise: Limbic-Auditory Interactions in Tinnitus

Tae-Ju Park, Tom Curran. Disabled-1 is a key signaling molecule in the Reelin pathway that plays a critical role in neuronal migration and positioning during brain development. In this issue of Neuron, Yano et al. …. . . . → Read More: Alternative Splicing Disabled by Nova2

Jack Kronengold, Leonard K. Kaczmarek. BK potassium channels regulate spike width and firing rate. A BK point mutation in humans enhances channel activity, leading to epilepsy. In this issue of Neuron, Yang and colleagues use th…. . . . → Read More: A Less Flexible BK Channel Opens More Easily

Verónica Campanucci, Arjun Krishnaswamy, Ellis Cooper. Most people with diabetes develop severe complications of the autonomic nervous system; yet, the underlying causes of many diabetic-induced dysautonomias are poorly understood. Here we explore the… . . . → Read More: Diabetes Depresses Synaptic Transmission in Sympathetic Ganglia by Inactivating nAChRs through a Conserved Intracellular Cysteine Residue

Masato Yano, Yoshika Hayakawa-Yano, Aldo Mele, Robert B. Darnell. Neuronal migration leads to a highly organized laminar structure in the mammalian brain, and its misregulation causes lissencephaly and behavioral and cognitive defects. Reelin signaling… . . . → Read More: Nova2 Regulates Neuronal Migration through an RNA Switch in Disabled-1 Signaling

Qun-Fang Wan, Zhen-Yu Zhou, Pratima Thakur, Alejandro Vila, David M. Sherry, Roger Janz, Ruth Heidelberger. Synaptic vesicle 2 (SV2) proteins, critical for proper nervous system function, are implicated in human epilepsy, yet little is known about thei… . . . → Read More: SV2 Acts via Presynaptic Calcium to Regulate Neurotransmitter Release

Ming-Chia Lee, Ryohei Yasuda, Michael D. Ehlers. Optimal function of neuronal networks requires interplay between rapid forms of Hebbian plasticity and homeostatic mechanisms that adjust the threshold for plasticity, termed metaplasticity. Numer…. . . . → Read More: Metaplasticity at Single Glutamatergic Synapses

Junqiu Yang, Gayathri Krishnamoorthy, Akansha Saxena, Guohui Zhang, Jingyi Shi, Huanghe Yang, Kelli Delaloye, David Sept, Jianmin Cui. Ca2+-activated BK channels modulate neuronal activities, including spike frequency adaptation and synaptic transmissi… . . . → Read More: An Epilepsy/Dyskinesia-Associated Mutation Enhances BK Channel Activation by Potentiating Ca2+ Sensing

Takatoshi Hikida, Kensuke Kimura, Norio Wada, Kazuo Funabiki, Shigetada Nakanishi. In the basal ganglia, convergent input and dopaminergic modulation of the direct striatonigral and the indirect striatopallidal pathways are critical in rewarding and a… . . . → Read More: Distinct Roles of Synaptic Transmission in Direct and Indirect Striatal Pathways to Reward and Aversive Behavior

Agnieszka Krzy?osiak, Monika Szyszka-Niagolov, Marta Wietrzych, Serge Gobaille, Shin-ichi Muramatsu, Wojciech Kr??el. Abnormal signaling by retinoids or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been implicated in clinical depression. The converging point… . . . → Read More: Retinoid X Receptor Gamma Control of Affective Behaviors Involves Dopaminergic Signaling in Mice

Karim Benchenane, Adrien Peyrache, Mehdi Khamassi, Patrick L. Tierney, Yves Gioanni, Francesco P. Battaglia, Sidney I. Wiener. To study the interplay between hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (Pfc) and its importance for learning and memory cons… . . . → Read More: Coherent Theta Oscillations and Reorganization of Spike Timing in the Hippocampal- Prefrontal Network upon Learning

Johannes C. Dahmen, Peter Keating, Fernando R. Nodal, Andreas L. Schulz, Andrew J. King. Sensory systems are known to adapt their coding strategies to the statistics of their environment, but little is still known about the perceptual implications of s… . . . → Read More: Adaptation to Stimulus Statistics in the Perception and Neural Representation of Auditory Space

Uri Nili, Hagar Goldberg, Abraham Weizman, Yadin Dudai. How does the brain encode courage in a real-life fearful situation that demands an immediate response? In this study, volunteers who fear snakes had to bring a live snake into close proximity with… . . . → Read More: Fear Thou Not: Activity of Frontal and Temporal Circuits in Moments of Real-Life Courage

Jason A. Cromer, Jefferson E. Roy, Earl K. Miller

Neural correlates of visual categories have been previously identified in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, whether individual neurons can represent multiple categories is unknown. Varying degrees of generalization versus specialization of neurons in the PFC have been theorized. We recorded from lateral PFC neural . . . → Read More: Representation of Multiple, Independent Categories in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex

Catherine A. Thorn, Hisham Atallah, Mark Howe, Ann M. Graybiel

The basal ganglia are implicated in a remarkable range of functions influencing emotion and cognition as well as motor behavior. Current models of basal ganglia function hypothesize that parallel limbic, associative, and motor cortico-basal ganglia loops contribute to this diverse set of functions, . . . → Read More: Differential Dynamics of Activity Changes in Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatal Loops during Learning

Ralf Scholz, Sven Berberich, Louisa Rathgeber, Alexander Kolleker, Georg Köhr, Hans-Christian Kornau

Central nervous system synapses undergo activity-dependent alterations to support learning and memory. Long-term depression (LTD) reflects a sustained reduction of the synaptic AMPA receptor content based on targeted clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here we report a current-independent form of AMPA receptor signaling, . . . → Read More: AMPA Receptor Signaling through BRAG2 and Arf6 Critical for Long-Term Synaptic Depression

Akio Sumioka, Dan Yan, Susumu Tomita

Neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate across synapses, constructing neural circuits in the brain. AMPA-type glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors mediating fast synaptic transmission. AMPA receptors localize at synapses by forming protein complexes with transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) and PSD-95-like membrane-associated guanylate . . . → Read More: TARP Phosphorylation Regulates Synaptic AMPA Receptors through Lipid Bilayers

Marianne Renner, Pascale N. Lacor, Pauline T. Velasco, Jian Xu, Anis Contractor, William L. Klein, Antoine Triller

Soluble oligomers of amyloid ? (A?) play a role in the memory impairment characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. Acting as pathogenic ligands, A? oligomers bind to particular synapses and perturb their function, morphology, and maintenance. Events that . . . → Read More: Deleterious Effects of Amyloid ? Oligomers Acting as an Extracellular Scaffold for mGluR5

Daniel Banovic, Omid Khorramshahi, David Owald, Carolin Wichmann, Tamara Riedt, Wernher Fouquet, Rui Tian, Stephan J. Sigrist, Hermann Aberle

Precise apposition of presynaptic and postsynaptic domains is a fundamental property of all neuronal circuits. Experiments in vitro suggest that Neuroligins and Neurexins function as key regulatory proteins in this process. In a genetic screen, . . . → Read More: Drosophila Neuroligin 1 Promotes Growth and Postsynaptic Differentiation at Glutamatergic Neuromuscular Junctions

Matthew P. Klassen, Ye E. Wu, Celine I. Maeder, Isei Nakae, Juan G. Cueva, Emily K. Lehrman, Minoru Tada, Keiko Gengyo-Ando, George J. Wang, Miriam Goodman, Shohei Mitani, Kenji Kontani, Toshiaki Katada, Kang Shen

Presynaptic assembly requires the packaging of requisite proteins into vesicular cargoes in the cell soma, their long-distance microtubule-dependent . . . → Read More: An Arf-like Small G Protein, ARL-8, Promotes the Axonal Transport of Presynaptic Cargoes by Suppressing Vesicle Aggregation

Marta Cortes-Canteli, Justin Paul, Erin H. Norris, Robert Bronstein, Hyung Jin Ahn, Daria Zamolodchikov, Shivaprasad Bhuvanendran, Katherine M. Fenz, Sidney Strickland

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which vascular pathology plays an important role. Since the ?-amyloid peptide (A?) is a critical factor in this disease, we examined its relationship . . . → Read More: Fibrinogen and ?-Amyloid Association Alters Thrombosis and Fibrinolysis: A Possible Contributing Factor to Alzheimer’s Disease

Yusuf Tufail, Alexei Matyushov, Nathan Baldwin, Monica L. Tauchmann, Joseph Georges, Anna Yoshihiro, Stephen I. Helms Tillery, William J. Tyler

Electromagnetic-based methods of stimulating brain activity require invasive procedures or have other limitations. Deep-brain stimulation requires surgically implanted electrodes. Transcranial magnetic stimulation does not require surgery, but suffers from low spatial . . . → Read More: Transcranial Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulates Intact Brain Circuits

Barbara Kremeyer, Francisco Lopera, James J. Cox, Aliakmal Momin, Francois Rugiero, Steve Marsh, C. Geoffrey Woods, Nicholas G. Jones, Kathryn J. Paterson, Florence R. Fricker, Andrés Villegas, Natalia Acosta, Nicolás G. Pineda-Trujillo, Juan Diego Ramírez, Julián Zea, Mari-Wyn Burley, Gabriel Bedoya, David L.H. Bennett, John N. Wood, Andrés Ruiz-Linares

Human monogenic pain . . . → Read More: A Gain-of-Function Mutation in TRPA1 Causes Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome

Jae K. Lee, Cédric G. Geoffroy, Andrea F. Chan, Kristine E. Tolentino, Michael J. Crawford, Marisa A. Leal, Brian Kang, Binhai Zheng

A central hypothesis for the limited capacity for adult central nervous system (CNS) axons to regenerate is the presence of myelin-derived axon growth inhibitors, the role of which, however, remains poorly . . . → Read More: Assessing Spinal Axon Regeneration and Sprouting in Nogo-, MAG-, and OMgp-Deficient Mice

Todor V. Gerdjikov, Caroline G. Bergner, Maik C. Stüttgen, Christian Waiblinger, Cornelius Schwarz. . . . → Read More: Discrimination of Vibrotactile Stimuli in the Rat Whisker System: Behavior and Neurometrics