The Third Reviewer

Jason A. Cromer, Jefferson E. Roy, Earl K. Miller

Neural correlates of visual categories have been previously identified in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, whether individual neurons can represent multiple categories is unknown. Varying degrees of generalization versus specialization of neurons in the PFC have been theorized. We recorded from lateral PFC neural . . . → Read More: Representation of Multiple, Independent Categories in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex

Catherine A. Thorn, Hisham Atallah, Mark Howe, Ann M. Graybiel

The basal ganglia are implicated in a remarkable range of functions influencing emotion and cognition as well as motor behavior. Current models of basal ganglia function hypothesize that parallel limbic, associative, and motor cortico-basal ganglia loops contribute to this diverse set of functions, . . . → Read More: Differential Dynamics of Activity Changes in Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatal Loops during Learning

Ralf Scholz, Sven Berberich, Louisa Rathgeber, Alexander Kolleker, Georg Köhr, Hans-Christian Kornau

Central nervous system synapses undergo activity-dependent alterations to support learning and memory. Long-term depression (LTD) reflects a sustained reduction of the synaptic AMPA receptor content based on targeted clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here we report a current-independent form of AMPA receptor signaling, . . . → Read More: AMPA Receptor Signaling through BRAG2 and Arf6 Critical for Long-Term Synaptic Depression

Akio Sumioka, Dan Yan, Susumu Tomita

Neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate across synapses, constructing neural circuits in the brain. AMPA-type glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors mediating fast synaptic transmission. AMPA receptors localize at synapses by forming protein complexes with transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) and PSD-95-like membrane-associated guanylate . . . → Read More: TARP Phosphorylation Regulates Synaptic AMPA Receptors through Lipid Bilayers

Marianne Renner, Pascale N. Lacor, Pauline T. Velasco, Jian Xu, Anis Contractor, William L. Klein, Antoine Triller

Soluble oligomers of amyloid ? (A?) play a role in the memory impairment characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. Acting as pathogenic ligands, A? oligomers bind to particular synapses and perturb their function, morphology, and maintenance. Events that . . . → Read More: Deleterious Effects of Amyloid ? Oligomers Acting as an Extracellular Scaffold for mGluR5

Daniel Banovic, Omid Khorramshahi, David Owald, Carolin Wichmann, Tamara Riedt, Wernher Fouquet, Rui Tian, Stephan J. Sigrist, Hermann Aberle

Precise apposition of presynaptic and postsynaptic domains is a fundamental property of all neuronal circuits. Experiments in vitro suggest that Neuroligins and Neurexins function as key regulatory proteins in this process. In a genetic screen, . . . → Read More: Drosophila Neuroligin 1 Promotes Growth and Postsynaptic Differentiation at Glutamatergic Neuromuscular Junctions

Matthew P. Klassen, Ye E. Wu, Celine I. Maeder, Isei Nakae, Juan G. Cueva, Emily K. Lehrman, Minoru Tada, Keiko Gengyo-Ando, George J. Wang, Miriam Goodman, Shohei Mitani, Kenji Kontani, Toshiaki Katada, Kang Shen

Presynaptic assembly requires the packaging of requisite proteins into vesicular cargoes in the cell soma, their long-distance microtubule-dependent . . . → Read More: An Arf-like Small G Protein, ARL-8, Promotes the Axonal Transport of Presynaptic Cargoes by Suppressing Vesicle Aggregation

Marta Cortes-Canteli, Justin Paul, Erin H. Norris, Robert Bronstein, Hyung Jin Ahn, Daria Zamolodchikov, Shivaprasad Bhuvanendran, Katherine M. Fenz, Sidney Strickland

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which vascular pathology plays an important role. Since the ?-amyloid peptide (A?) is a critical factor in this disease, we examined its relationship . . . → Read More: Fibrinogen and ?-Amyloid Association Alters Thrombosis and Fibrinolysis: A Possible Contributing Factor to Alzheimer’s Disease

Yusuf Tufail, Alexei Matyushov, Nathan Baldwin, Monica L. Tauchmann, Joseph Georges, Anna Yoshihiro, Stephen I. Helms Tillery, William J. Tyler

Electromagnetic-based methods of stimulating brain activity require invasive procedures or have other limitations. Deep-brain stimulation requires surgically implanted electrodes. Transcranial magnetic stimulation does not require surgery, but suffers from low spatial . . . → Read More: Transcranial Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulates Intact Brain Circuits

Barbara Kremeyer, Francisco Lopera, James J. Cox, Aliakmal Momin, Francois Rugiero, Steve Marsh, C. Geoffrey Woods, Nicholas G. Jones, Kathryn J. Paterson, Florence R. Fricker, Andrés Villegas, Natalia Acosta, Nicolás G. Pineda-Trujillo, Juan Diego Ramírez, Julián Zea, Mari-Wyn Burley, Gabriel Bedoya, David L.H. Bennett, John N. Wood, Andrés Ruiz-Linares

Human monogenic pain . . . → Read More: A Gain-of-Function Mutation in TRPA1 Causes Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome

Jae K. Lee, Cédric G. Geoffroy, Andrea F. Chan, Kristine E. Tolentino, Michael J. Crawford, Marisa A. Leal, Brian Kang, Binhai Zheng

A central hypothesis for the limited capacity for adult central nervous system (CNS) axons to regenerate is the presence of myelin-derived axon growth inhibitors, the role of which, however, remains poorly . . . → Read More: Assessing Spinal Axon Regeneration and Sprouting in Nogo-, MAG-, and OMgp-Deficient Mice