The Third Reviewer

<p>We demonstrate that single interneurons can toggle the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex (the Purkinje cells) between their two… . . . → Read More: Interneurons of the cerebellar cortex toggle Purkinje cells between up and down states [Neuroscience]

<p>We addressed the question of how we locate and identify objects in complex natural environments by simultaneously recording single neurons… . . . → Read More: Paired neuron recordings in the prefrontal and inferotemporal cortices reveal that spatial selection precedes object identification during visual search [Psychological_And_Cognitive_Sciences-SS]

<p>Drug-induced dyskinesias in dopamine-denervated animals are known to depend on both pre- and postsynaptic changes of the nigrostriatal circuitry. In… . . . → Read More: Presynaptic dopaminergic compartment determines the susceptibility to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rats [Neuroscience]

Morphine-induced analgesia and antinociceptive tolerance are known to be modulated by interaction between -opioid receptors (DORs) and µ-opioid receptors (MORs)… . . . → Read More: Coexpression of {delta}- and {micro}-opioid receptors in nociceptive sensory neurons [Neuroscience]

<p>Areas and layers of the cerebral cortex are specified by genetic programs that are initiated in progenitor cells and then,… . . . → Read More: Tbr1 regulates regional and laminar identity of postmitotic neurons in developing neocortex [Neuroscience]

<p>Stress affects the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory. In rodents, acute stress may reduce density of dendritic spines,… . . . → Read More: Correlated memory defects and hippocampal dendritic spine loss after acute stress involve corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling [Neuroscience]

<p>The cerebral cortex of the human infant at term is complexly folded in a similar fashion to adult cortex but… . . . → Read More: Similar patterns of cortical expansion during human development and evolution [Neuroscience]

<p>Defective RNA metabolism is an emerging mechanism involved in ALS pathogenesis and possibly in other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we show… . . . → Read More: miRNA malfunction causes spinal motor neuron disease [Neuroscience]

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the conversion of prion protein (PrPC) into an infectious isoform (PrPSc)…. . . . → Read More: Prion protein interaction with stress-inducible protein 1 enhances neuronal protein synthesis via mTOR [Neuroscience]

<p>Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is one of the most common single-gene causes of learning disabilities. Here, we use behavioral working… . . . → Read More: Neurofibromin regulates corticostriatal inhibitory networks during working memory performance [Neuroscience]

. . . → Read More: In This Issue [This Week in PNAS]

<p>Despite the importance of vision for spatial navigation, blind subjects retain the ability to represent spatial information and to move… . . . → Read More: Neural correlates of virtual route recognition in congenital blindness [Neuroscience]

<p>Genes and prior experience both influence the behavior of animals, but the relative contribution of each to fighting behavior in… . . . → Read More: A single social defeat reduces aggression in a highly aggressive strain of Drosophila [Neuroscience]

Inward rectifying potassium (Kir) channels participate in regulating potassium concentration (K+) in the central nervous system (CNS), including in the… . . . → Read More: Probing potassium channel function in vivo by intracellular delivery of antibodies in a rat model of retinal neurodegeneration [Neuroscience]

<p>The maintenance of robust blood flow to the brain is crucial to the health of brain tissue. We examined the… . . . → Read More: Topological basis for the robust distribution of blood to rodent neocortex [Neuroscience]

<p>Various types of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been established by different methods, and each type exhibits different biological… . . . → Read More: From the Cover: Therapeutic potential of appropriately evaluated safe-induced pluripotent stem cells for spinal cord injury [Neuroscience]

<p>Because mouse models play a crucial role in biomedical research related to the human nervous system, understanding the similarities and… . . . → Read More: Divergence of human and mouse brain transcriptome highlights Alzheimer disease pathways [Neuroscience]

<p>The mammalian neocortex mediates complex cognitive behaviors, such as sensory perception, decision making, and language. The evolutionary history of the… . . . → Read More: Laminar and columnar auditory cortex in avian brain [Neuroscience]

<p>Humans and animals can learn that specific sensory cues in the environment predict aversive events through a form of associative… . . . → Read More: Optical activation of lateral amygdala pyramidal cells instructs associative fear learning [Neuroscience]

<p>The perforant path (PP) undergoes synaptic changes in the course of aging and dementia. Previous studies attempting to assess the… . . . → Read More: Ultrahigh-resolution microstructural diffusion tensor imaging reveals perforant path degradation in aged humans in vivo [Neuroscience]

<p>The brain contains an astonishing diversity of neurons, each expressing only one set of ion channels out of the billions… . . . → Read More: Metabolic cost as a unifying principle governing neuronal biophysics [Neuroscience]

In the past year, two members of the nuclear receptor family, liver X receptor β (LXRβ) and thyroid hormone receptor… . . . → Read More: Liver X receptor {beta} and thyroid hormone receptor {alpha} in brain cortical layering [Neuroscience]

<p>Voltage-gated Na channels in several classes of neurons, including cells of the cerebellum, are subject to an open-channel block and… . . . → Read More: Control of transient, resurgent, and persistent current by open-channel block by Na channel {beta}4 in cultured cerebellar granule neurons [Neuroscience]

<p>Induced expression of neuroprotective genes is essential for maintaining neuronal integrity after stressful insults to the brain. Here we show… . . . → Read More: NR4A orphan nuclear receptors as mediators of CREB-dependent neuroprotection [Neuroscience]

The Kv2.1 K+ channel is highly expressed throughout the brain, where it regulates excitability during periods of high-frequency stimulation. Kv2.1… . . . → Read More: Localization-dependent activity of the Kv2.1 delayed-rectifier K+ channel [Neuroscience]

<p>Rodents can localize odor sources by comparing odor inputs to the right and left nostrils. However, the neuronal circuits underlying… . . . → Read More: From the Cover: Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus pars externa detect right or left localization of odor sources [Neuroscience]

<p>Addicts repeatedly relapse to drug seeking even after years of abstinence, and this behavior is frequently induced by the recall… . . . → Read More: Disrupting the memory of places induced by drugs of abuse weakens motivational withdrawal in a context-dependent manner [Neuroscience]

<p>The large-conductance voltage- and calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are ubiquitously expressed in the brain and play an important role in… . . . → Read More: Disruption of the olivo-cerebellar circuit by Purkinje neuron-specific ablation of BK channels [Neuroscience]

Chemical signaling plays an important role in predator–prey interactions and feeding dynamics. Like other organisms that are sessile or slow… . . . → Read More: Identification of RL-TGR, a coreceptor involved in aversive chemical signaling [Neuroscience]

<p>How do fluctuations in the level of generalized arousal of the brain affect the performance of specific motivated behaviors, such… . . . → Read More: Histaminergic responses by hypothalamic neurons that regulate lordosis and their modulation by estradiol [Neuroscience]

<p>It was recently reported that rs1541160 on chromosome 1q24.2 has a marked effect on survival of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)… . . . → Read More: Kinesin-associated protein 3 (KIFAP3) has no effect on survival in a population-based cohort of ALS patients [Neuroscience]

<p>NGF, the principal neurotrophic factor for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs), has been correlated to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because of… . . . → Read More: Dissecting the involvement of tropomyosin-related kinase A and p75 neurotrophin receptor signaling in NGF deficit-induced neurodegeneration [Neuroscience]